25 years of Microsoft Office roadkill
Love it or hate it, Microsoft Office has torn up the competition, leaving all
manner of software carrion in its wake
25 years of Microsoft Office roadkill
25 years ago, Bill Gates announced that Microsoft would smash together its three
application programs -- Word, Excel, and PowerPoint -- offering them in a
cohesive bundle known as Microsoft Office for Windows. When Office 1.0 arrived
in 1990, the apps had very little in common and worked together only under
duress.
The second version of Office (enigmatically known as Microsoft Office 3.0,
comprised of Word 2, Excel 4, PowerPoint 3, and Mail 3) started carving out a
new software category, defining by example the term “office productivity.”
By hook, by crook, FUD, and ruthless pursuit of market share, Office turned into
the aging juggernaut you see today. This is our tribute to the many competitors
that have fallen prey to the productivity Goliath.
Word processors: Early DOS word processors
Electric Pencil -- Born: 1976; died: ca 1983, cause of death: neglect
EasyWriter -- Born on the Apple II: 1979; ported to DOS: 1981; died of bugs
Volkswriter -- Born: 1982, in response to EasyWriter’s bugs; died: ca 1989
Here’s to all of the pioneering commercial word processors, including Homeword,
PFS:Write, Bank Street Writer, XyWrite, DisplayWrite, PC-Write, many more. They
all flourished then fizzled. All were crushed by the time Office hit the stands.
Electric Pencil came first; its history as told in InfoWorld’s May 10, 1982
edition: “The original idea for the first word processor came eventually to
Michael Shrayer … [who] had never worked in the computer field.” Shrayer grew
bored keeping up with the word-processing Joneses, and Electric Pencil withered
away.
Word processors: WordStar
Born: 1979; not quite dead yet
Of all the clobbered word processing programs from the DOS era, this one still
has a measureable pulse.
WordStar’s primary claim to fame: It gets out of the way. No fonts. Control keys
move the cursor. Couldn’t spellcheck its way out of a paper bag. As for
formatting? That’s something you hire somebody else to do, right?
In 1984, MicroPro, the company that made WordStar, grossed $70 million, which
made it arguably the largest software company in the world. By 1988, it was
toast, but holdouts remain. George R.R. “What is dead may never die” Martin
acknowledges that he uses WordStar 4.0.
WordStar for Windows, a rewrite of the word processor known as Legacy, never got
off the ground.
Word processors: MultiMate
Born as WordMate: 1982; sold to Ashton-Tate: 1985; died when A-T was sold to
Borland: 1991
Legend has it that the original MultiMate user manual was written by an old Wang
pro, then programmers used the manual as the spec for WordMate.
Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance, a big Wang shop, bought PCs to replace the
Wangs and hired W.H. Jones and company to build the software to support the
move. The original group of five programmers kept the rights to the software,
formed their own company, and the rest was history.
What, the keys on the IBM PC didn’t match those on the Wang? No problem.
MultiMate shipped with stickers for the wayward keys, plus a big plastic
template to tie it all together.
Word processors: WordPerfect for DOS
Born on Data General: 1979; ported to DOS: 1982; still on life support
In 1979, Brigham Young University contracted a group of programmers to build a
word processor for its Data General minicomputer. The programmers formed a
company, Satellite Software International, and started selling SSI*WP for a mere
$5,500 a pop.
WordPerfect 2.20, the first DOS version, appeared in 1982. By 1986, WordPerfect
4.2 was by far the best-selling word processor. With LAN support (1988),
pull-down menus (1989), WYSIWYG mode, reveal codes, styles, diverse printer
support, and macro language, WordPerfect ruled the roost.
Then Windows hit, WordPerfect didn’t jump soon enough, and Word for Windows ate
its lunch.
WordPerfect for DOS Updated continues under the caring eye of über-guru Ed
Mendelson.
Word processors: WordPerfect for Windows
Born: 1991; stable release 5.2: 1992; became WordPerfect Office Suite
WordPerfect for Windows existed as a standalone product for a short time,
ultimately becoming the backbone for various WordPerfect Suites (more later).
InfoWorld’s inimitable Ed Foster presided over a lengthy discussion of
WordPerfect’s demise in his December 28, 2007, article “How did WordPerfect go
wrong?”:
“WordPerfect was late with its first Windows version, and then the bundling of
Word with Microsoft Office on many PCs resulted in WordPerfect's sale -- first
to Novell, then Corel in 1996 -- aimed at producing a competitive office suite.
While retaining popularity in some markets, particularly legal circles,
WordPerfect now generally gets little attention as a Word competitor.”
Word processors: Word for DOS and Mac
Born on Xenix: 1983; ported to DOS shortly thereafter, and Mac: 1985; last DOS
version: 1993
Microsoft cannibalizes itself, too.
Programmer’s programmer Charles Simonyi started building Multi-Tool Word for
Xenix in 1981, bringing in Richard Brodie to work on the p-code compiler that
became key to Microsoft’s development of applications for more than a decade.
Microsoft distributed free copies of the renamed Microsoft Word in the November
1983 issue of PC World. You can download Word 5.5 for DOS, free.
Remarkably, Word for DOS was designed to be used with a mouse.
Word for Mac outsold Word for DOS between 1985 and 1989, when Word for Windows
rolled over both.
Spreadsheets: VisiCalc
Born on the Apple II: 1979; ported to DOS: 1981; died: 1983, eaten by 1-2-3
VisiCalc was long dead before Office was a gleam in Charles Simonyi’s eye, but
many of the VisiCalc constructs lived on, both in Excel and in other products
that fell to the Microsoft juggernaut.
It’s hard to overstate how important VisiCalc was to the emergence of the
computer industry. Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston first released it on the Apple
II back in 1979. Porting it to DOS was a mean feat, but VisiCalc for DOS shipped
with the first IBM PCs in 1981. When Lotus 1-2-3 arrived in 1983, VisiCalc bit
the dust. Lotus bought VisiCalc in 1985 and put the company out of its misery.
Spreadsheets: Lotus 1-2-3
Born: 1983; bought by IBM: 1995; died: somewhere in between
At one time the highest-flying application on personal computers, Lotus 1-2-3
failed to make a convincing transition to Windows. It continued to linger in
various guises for many years.
Tied to the IBM PC at the feet and ankles, 1-2-3 (1=calculations, 2=charts,
3=database, get it?) compatibility became the bellwether for PC clone
manufacturers. It was that important.
Lotus 1-2-3 was absorbed into the DOS-based Lotus Symphony (more about that
product later), then moved to Windows in Lotus SmartSuite. The port to Windows
in 1991 was a massive kludge, and 1-2-3 faded into oblivion.
Excel beat it to a pulp.
Spreadsheets: SuperCalc
Born on the Osborn I: 1981; ported to DOS: 1982; ported to Windows: 1984; died
from neglect
Adam Osborn had SuperCalc built to ship with the Osborn I “luggable” computer.
Widely held to be faster, more precise, more feature-laden than VisiCalc, it
never did supplant VisiCalc in the market. As Lotus 1-2-3 ran over VisiCalc in
the DOS market, SuperCalc remained in second place.
Other DOS spreadsheet wannabes (TWIN, VP-Planner, Javelin) never overtook
SuperCalc.
Computer Associates bought Sorcim, the SuperCalc company, in 1984 and promptly
shipped CA-SuperCalc for Windows. The product, which introduced a version of
pivot tables, fell far behind Excel. In the end, Computer Associates -- the
second software company to exceed $1 billion in annual sales, after Microsoft --
let it fade away.
Spreadsheets: CalcStar
Born: 1981; faded with its companion product, WordStar, ca. 1988
While luminaries like George R.R. Martin keep WordStar alive (or at least
mention the product every few years), I don’t know anybody who admits to using
CalcStar.
MicroPro bundled WordStar, CalcStar, the InfoStar report generator, and a glue
program called Starburst to create what many consider to be the first
Office-style productivity program suite long before the advent of Windows -- and
long before anyone would dare call a hodgepodge of programs a “suite.”
WordStar was once the epitome of word processing software. CalcStar was well
regarded by some, but it never reached the level of popularity of 1-2-3.
Spreadsheets: Microsoft Mutiplan
Microsoft Mutiplan -- born for CP/M: 1982; ported to DOS: 1983, Mac: 1985; died
in a complex fratricide
Originally code-named “EP” for “Electronic Paper,” Microsoft built Multiplan for
CP/M (!) using p-code (see the Word for DOS slide) to compete with VisiCalc. As
1-2-3 rolled over VisiCalc in the DOS world, Microsoft kept plugging away at
Multiplan for DOS. By 1986, MS had sold a million copies of Multiplan. Bill
Gates said that MS made more money on Mac Multiplan than on any other platform.
As Windows started unfolding, much thought was given to porting Multiplan over
to Windows. For reasons that are still unclear, MS started all over with a new
product, based on Multiplan, called Excel. Multiplan died from fratricide.
Spreadsheets: Quattro
Born to Borland: 1988; run over by an Excel truck
Quattro 1.0 was codenamed “Buddha” because it was expected to assume the “Lotus”
position. Quattro, of course, is Italian for 4, as in 1-2-3 ... 4.
Quattro started as a DOS program aimed directly at Lotus 1-2-3. Lotus sued
Borland for copying its menu structure, claiming copyright. The case went all
the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which split in a 4-4 decision. That split let
stand a lower court, which ruled in Borland’s favor.
Quattro Pro -- still for DOS -- appeared in 1989, two years after Microsoft
released its first version of Excel for Windows. The last DOS version shipped in
1995.
Spreadsheets: Quattro Pro for Windows
Born to Borland: 1992; sold to Novell: 1994; sold to Corel: 1996; lives on in
Corel WordPerfect Office
With the Excel juggernaut rapidly rolling over Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, and
even Multiplan, Borland knew it had a problem: DOS spreadsheets were rapidly
being overshadowed by their Windows kin. Quattro Pro was rewritten from scratch
for Windows.
Borland developed its own C++ compiler at the same time it built Quattro Pro for
Windows. The two advanced -- and crashed -- hand-in-hand. QPW sold reasonably
well when the price dropped to $49.
Novell bought both WordPerfect and Quattro Pro in 1994, hoping to meld the two
and take on Microsoft Office. Corel bought them from Novell in 1996. Dreams die
hard.
Presentations: Harvard Graphics
Born for DOS: 1986; ported to Windows: 1991; run over by PowerPoint
In the days of DOS, you just couldn’t beat Harvard Graphics. You could take data
from Lotus 1-2-3 or Lotus Symphony, mix it with text, and come up with a
vector-based presentation that looked great on a printer and only slightly weird
on a screen. The company claims it was “the first presentation graphics program
to include text, graphs, and charts.”
Like many DOS stalwarts, Harvard Graphics jumped to Windows too late, after
PowerPoint -- and especially Office -- had already staked out the turf. In 2001,
Serif acquired distribution rights to Harvard Graphics, and it faded away.
Presentations: Full Impact
Born for the Mac: 1988; euthanized when Borland bought Ashton-Tate: 1991
It’s hard to define “presentation” programs, but Full Impact arguably fills the
bill. At least, it was marketed as a presentation program, something of a
precursor to PowerPoint.
Ashton-Tate, which grew to fame and fortune on the back of PC-based dBase, paid
for Full Impact’s development in exchange for marketing rights. A-T used Full
Impact, a word processor known as FullWrite Professional, and dBase Mac to get a
toehold in the Mac market.
Excel for Mac stomped on its toe.
A-T sold out to Borland in 1991, and Borland immediately pulled the plug on Full
Impact in favor of its own Quattro Pro.
Integrated suites: Context MBA
Born on the Apple III: 1981; ported to DOS: 1982; crawled to its demise by 1985
Widely regarded as the “first integrated package,” Context MBA had modules that
covered word processing, spreadsheet, charting, database, and communications.
Given the Apple III’s sales record, it’s a wonder the company didn’t go under
immediately, but the port to DOS (and the $695 price tag) kept Context afloat.
The Achilles’ heel? Speed. While Context MBA sported all sorts of neat features,
spreadsheet re-calcs measured in minutes didn’t help. It could take longer to
scroll to the bottom of a report than it would take to re-type it. Blame UCSD
Pascal, and Lotus 1-2-3/SuperCalc/VisiCalc, all of which succumbed to Office.
Integrated suites: Ashton-Tate Framework
Born: 1984; sold to Borland: 1991; sold to Selections & Functions: 1994; still
alive and FRED kicking
Although Context MBA may have been first -- depending on how you, uh, frame such
things -- Framework was among the first, and by many accounts the best
integrated DOS suite. It was a windowed, DOS-only, combination of a word
processor, spreadsheet, database, graphics, and outlining program.
By choosing from the “Apps” menu at the top (first use of the term “apps”?), one
could switch among the programs. On a DOS screen.
FRED, a high-level programming language, came baked in.
Borland nearly let it die, but Selections & Functions bought it, ported it to
Windows, and continues to nurture it.
Integrated suites: Lotus Symphony for DOS
Born: 1984; cloned to the Mac as Lotus Jazz: 1985; died: ca 1992
What do you do if you have a wildly popular DOS spreadsheet, but you want to
create an integrated package? Why, you just strap on a word processor, and there
ya go.
Lotus Symphony (not to be confused with IBM Lotus Symphony -- described later --
an entirely different suite) ran in memory. All of it. Symphony included a word
processor, charting program, and database program, and it stored the data for
all of the programs in spreadsheet cells. Pressing Alt+F10 let you switch among
the different programs’ views of the same data.
By the time IBM bought Lotus in 1995, Symphony’s fat lady had already sung. And
keeled over.
Integrated suites: Lotus SmartSuite/IBM Lotus SmartSuite
Born 1994; last release: 2002; support ends September 2014
Microsoft shipped Office 1.0 in late 1990, and finally hit a stable version,
3.0, in 1992. In the intervening two years, all of the major software companies
watched, and many of them decided to take on Microsoft.
Enter Lotus. Armed with Lotus 1-2-3, it bought up the other pieces: Freelance
Graphics in 1986; Ami Pro in 1990; Threadz -- which became Lotus Organizer -- in
1992; relational database Approach in 1994. Lotus SmartSuite 2.1 (the first
version) included Lotus 1-2-3 Version 4, Ami Pro 3, Freelance Graphics 2,
Approach 2, and Organizer 1.1.
In the early years, Lotus SmartSuite ran neck-and-neck with Borland Office (next
slide), and behind Office in many ways.
Integrated suites: Borland Office for Windows
Co-joined with WordPerfect Corp: 1993; sold to Novell: 1994; morphed into Corel
WordPerfect Office Suite (see next slide)
In early 1993, Borland’s Philippe Kahn -- who had a spreadsheet and database to
sell -- and WordPerfect’s Alan Ashton announced the companies would work
together to build a great Windows suite.
By all accounts, the apps didn’t hang together, they hung separately. Borland
Office for Windows never escaped the pasted-together image.
In 1994, Windows users could buy a “suite” consisting of WordPerfect 5.2,
Quattro Pro 1.0, and Paradox 1.0 for Windows, for $595. Lotus SmartSuite cost
$795. Office 4.3 ran $899. In spite of the significant price difference, Office
outsold the others by a factor of three or more.
Integrated suites: Novell PerfectOffice
Born, er, bought: 1994; sold to Corel: 1996; litigated: 1995-2014
To make several intertwined stories short, Borland Office for Windows 2.0 was
reported as sold to WordPerfect in 1994, while in fact Novell bought WordPerfect
in June 1994 and, in a separate transaction in October 1994, bought Quattro Pro
and the right to sell up to a million copies of Paradox from Borland.
Whatever the lineage, Novell PerfectOffice (WordPerfect, Quattro Pro,
Presentations, Envoy, Groupwise, Infocentral) hit the market with a thud. Novell
became embroiled in a nasty antitrust suit against Microsoft, hotly debated to
this day, which Microsoft won.
Novell sold PerfectOffice to Corel in 1996, but the final appeal to the U.S.
Supreme Court was turned down just last month.
Integrated suites: Corel WordPerfect Office Suite
Bought from Novell: 1996; currently available
No discussion of the evolution of WordPerfect would be complete without an
update. While Office certainly put a dent in WordPerfect’s sales, Corel has done
a very credible job of keeping the product alive and up to date. It’s a success
story. Not roadkill. Not at all.
WordPerfect Office X7 -- including Version 17 of the venerable word processor --
appeared just last month. With Quattro Pro, Presentations (with Flash), the
WordPerfect Lightning digital notebook, PDF compatibility, WinZip, and remote
desktop software for the iPad, it’s still a contenduh.
Integrated suites: IBM Lotus Symphony
Born: 2007, given away: 2012
Although the name “IBM Lotus Symphony” looks a lot like the name of the DOS
suite “Lotus Symphony,” in fact the two have absolutely nothing in common. Nor
is it related to Lotus SmartSuite. (Both are discussed in earlier slides.) When
IBM bought Lotus in 1995, it bought the rights to the Lotus names. Reuse,
repurpose, recycle.
The IBM Lotus Symphony products -- imaginatively entitled Documents,
Presentations, and Spreadsheets -- never went anywhere, victims of the Office
onslaught. IBM apparently brought the products to market when IBM Lotus
SmartSuite hit the skids.
IBM has donated the source code to the Apache Software Foundation, turning over
development to Apache OpenOffice.
Integrated suites: Corel Home Office
Born: 2009; last rites currently being administered
You have to wonder why Corel -- which has a perfectly usable WordPerfect Office
Suite -- would dabble in yet another suite that has “fail” written all over it.
As best I can tell, Corel negotiated with Ability Software International (based
in Horley, U.K.) to private-label a version of its Ability Office suite. It’s a
modest company with modest goals: To make an inexpensive Microsoft
Office-compatible word processor, spreadsheet, presentation program, and a
database.
Unfortunately, the renamed Corel Write, Corel Calculate, and Corel Show can
handle simple Office documents but fall to pieces on anything complex.
Corel Home Office: bug. Microsoft Office: windshield.
Integrated suites: Microsoft Works
Born for DOS: 1987; dumped in favor of Office Starter Edition: 2009
Few lament the passing of Microsoft Works, but in its day, it served an
important purpose: To convince Microsoft customers that they should spend real
money for the real Office. In my experience, not many people took the bait.
Works went through a zillion versions (we’re talking Microsoft here). The final
version, 9.0, included Word 2003 (yes, the full version of Word 2003), a
spreadsheet program that created files legible to Excel (earlier versions of
Works didn’t make Excel-friendly files), and a flat-file database program that
produced files Office wouldn’t even try to open.
We’ll miss you, Works. Not.
Microsoft Office pushed, nudged, winked, cheated and bludgeoned its way to
the top
Some of the programs that fell in its wake didn’t deserve to die. Others simply
succumbed to a better way of working.
Even the old-timers -- the Electric Pencils and VisiCalcs -- held on for many
years past their prime, only to be swept away as Windows and Office cleared out
the clutter. George R.R. Martin notwithstanding, Office has raised the bar.
Now we’re in uncharted territory. Office has credible competitors on all sides,
on all platforms, and all of them are out to snag some of Clippy’s billions.
Could happen.
Did we miss your favorite trainwreck? More Office-fried crispy critters? Tell us
in the comments.
